Brief Summary. Minimum Tank Size 30 gallons What do these Quick Stats mean? Sometimes in captivity, they can be a lot smaller (usually around 6 inches) if you place them in the minimum recommended tank size. What size tank are we talking about? There are lower-maintenance algae eaters you can get after all! They’re not particularly colorful and tend to be solitary creatures. Author Note: When experimenting with feeding it’s important to make sure that you’re not compromising the water quality. It’s an against the grain choice that can be very rewarding if you’re a fan of the species. This fish is the only known fish genus that can eat coarse algae and it will be a good helper for you to deal with black beard algae (BBA) in a tank. Chinese algae eater care: Size, Life span, tank mate; all Questions well explained. This fish can grow to up to 11 inches in the wild and 5 inches in a tank. Algae is usually The truth is that they’re highly specialized catfish, living out their lives in swift streams where their sucker mouth is a necessity to avoid being displaced. Nevertheless, you need to set them up with a great habitat and stay on top of water quality to stave off stress or disease. This gorgeous golden yellow specimen adds a bright splash of color while providing the valuable service of cleaning your aquarium. Even when they chase other sucker mouth fish, they are not overly aggressive and typically only squabble with each other or similar fish species over territory. By Nikkykei, 4 years ago on General Freshwater Questions. However, due to the aggressive nature of Chinese Algae Eaters this isn’t a good idea. Name: Gold Algae Eater (Gyrinocheilos aymonieri) Family: Gyrinocheilidae. The species in this genus are commonly called "algae eaters." They’re usually sold as juveniles at around 1.5 to 2.5-inches in length. Invest in a lid that latches closed to prevent any unwanted surprises. An adult Siamese algae eater requires at least 20 gallons of space. Invest in some testing equipment and analyze the water regularly to ensure that conditions fall within the following parameters. Often these are areas with flooded trees and their roots… Some aquarists think they’re very aggressive, others believe they only eat algae, and a few mistake them for another species entirely! Chinese algae eater tank size . It’s also a good idea to perform water changes regularly to avoid stress. Like any fish, the key to giving your fish an enriching environment is to mimic their natural habitat. These fish have a large mouth and sizable lips. Chinese Algae Eater comes from Asia and has a slim body and its colour is golden to brown. Earlier SAE was considered to belong to Epalzeorhynchus genus according to scientific classification. Not only are they prone to aggression, but there are virtually no physical differences between males and females. If you have any questions or suggestions on how we can improve this guide feel free to send them our way. One of the biggest mistakes new owners make when caring for Chinese Algae Eaters is not staying on top of water conditions. A minimum of a 40 gallon tank is recommended with plenty of plants, rocks, and driftwood for hiding. Uneaten food can quickly raise the ammonia and nitrate levels in your tank (which is not good). It’s difficult for novices to identify the exact species or gender until they are fully mature at 3 to 4 years of age. Chinese Algae Eaters are semi-aggressive fish. Golden Chinese Algae Eater's can reach upwards of 10" when fully grown and can swim very quickly in short burst, thus they should be housed in aquariums of 30 gallons or more to give them the room they need. 2,147 2.1K. Size: Up to 12 inches Its common names include honey sucker, sucking loach, Chinese algae eater, and Siamese algae eater; the FAO-endorsed common name is Siamese algae eater… This means you should be paying special attention to this area of your tank. Will it possibly endanger my guppy fry? The common pleco is a voracious eater who will uproot plants, can grow to a whopping 2 feet in length and is best housed in a 50-gallon tank. Other varieties include albino, marble, and lecustic forms. This makes them a fish that’s better suited for aquarists who are interested in making a reasonable commitment. Chinese Algae Eater. However, their penchant for eating algae makes them a great choice for those who want to keep their tank clean. Every fish is different, so make sure that you can keep an eye on your fish. It is normally kept in aquariums for the reason of controlling algae. Typically, the fish’s belly is lighter. Chinese algae eater tank size. This means the water parameters need to be maintained and monitored consistently to ensure that no harmful shifts occur. and like jonathur stated this fish don't really eat algae when mature and can also turn quite aggressive. Contrary to popular belief, these fish will not stay healthy in a dirty tank. Plants should be added to the aquarium, and natural light with some shading is preferred to help these fish thrive. It can handle different water conditions, but … Cautious Community How to properly feed Golden Chinese Algae Eater and provide a healthy diet. This fish can grow up to 25.4-27.9cm (10-11") long, and its eventual size needs to be taken into account when choosing a tank. Golden Chinese Algae Eater native habitat, distribution, behavior & aquarium compatibility. Algae eater, Sucking loach, Chinese algae eater, Indian algae eater: Scientific name: Gyrinocheilus aymonieri: Synonyms: (none) Size: Up to 10" (25cm), but usually around 6" (15cm). The shark needs at least a 55 gallon and the algae eater needs at least a 40. The Golden Algae Eater is a yellow/golden coloured fish from the Chinese Algae Eater family (Gyrinocheilos aymonieri). They’re found in tanks…, The 15 Best Types Of Freshwater Aquarium Catfish, Clown Loach Care: Tank Size, Food, Lifespan, Tank Mates…, Indian Almond Leaves: Benefits For Your Aquarium, The 35 Best Low Light Aquarium Plants (Must-See), 35 Peaceful Community Fish For Your Tank (Updated List), Malaysian Trumpet Snail 101: Detailed Info & Care Tips. Some of the biggest are water conditions and diet. At the very least, these fish need 30 gallons. Not only do they require good water conditions, but their temperament and habits can change as they get older. The two most popular are the Honey Sucker or Sucking Loach. • Minimum Tank Size: 30 gallons • Water Conditions: 74-81° F, KH 8-10, ... Golden Chinese Algae Eater's are an albino variant of the common Chinese Algae Eater (Gyrinocheilos aymonieri), which have been selectively bred over the years to increase their availability within the hobby and enhance their coloration. You may also want to try feeding your fish a nutrient-rich diet of live or frozen food. Published June 18, 2019 Author: Mike - FishLore Admin Social Media:. However, if you plan on stocking a group of this fish then you should opt for a 55-gallon tank (220 L) or more. If you are lucky enough to have a pair, you can try to trigger the breeding process by raising the temperature. Chinese Algae Eaters will then latch onto the smooth surface of the rocks to clean them. Tank size for Siamese Algae Eater. Size and Appearance of SAEs Your Siamese algae eater’s size should be between 5 and 6-inches in length when fully grown. Standard lighting should be fine for these fish. With that said, some owners have been able to pull off pairing them with peaceful fish that occupy the upper portions of the tank. Chinese Algae Eaters are found in rivers throughout Asia. Gyrinocheilus is the single genus in the family Gyrinocheilidae, a family of small Southeast Asian cypriniform fishes that live in fast-flowing freshwater mountain streams. A 10 gallon tank is suitable for for a small group (4-6) of Otocinclus. The biggest challenge is keeping a pair together. a siamese algae golden algae eater color is a nice contrast against the plants.. a golden algae eater. Many owners don’t even feed them because they get ample nutrients from cleaning up the tank. Aquarium Source is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. But there are a few things to consider before adding one of these little fish to your tank, including the fact that their name is a little deceiving. While it’s not concrete, some aquarists have seen success by raising the temperature to 80 degrees over several days. We recommend choosing a few smooth flat rocks. Overview. Care tips, average size, aggressive tendencies, food, and tank mates are all in here! Minimum Tank Size: 50g; Care Level: Beginner; Special Requirements: Driftwood; The Common Pleco is often sold to the unwary, who think of them only as an algae eater. You can quench their hunger for protein with bloodworms or brine shrimp. For some fish, the stripe is broken up into smaller dots. The Chinese Algae Eater is a unique fish that you wouldn’t expect to be a popular choice among aquarists. The minimum tank size for housing Chinese Algae Eater is 30 gallons (120 L). Siamese Algae Eater Size and Appearance True Siamese algae eater have a long, narrow body that reaches up to six inches. In terms of shape, the fish have long slender bodies and very small fins. That number is assuming you only have one Chinese Algae Eater in your aquarium. Hobbyist's initially purchase the Golden Chinese Algae Eater for it's ability to keep algae under control, but soon find them to be both a useful and interesting fish to keep. This makes it difficult to sex the fish for breeding. make them entertaining to watch. If the tank is too small than you will have problems like this. Chinese Algae Eaters are one of the best algae eaters you can get. Identification [edit | edit source] This fish is golden in colour with a dark band running along its body and a series of dark spots alongside and a light coloured underside. It can range up to 11 in (28 cm) in length and has a reputation for becoming increasingly territorial as it matures, and can also be aggressive to other fish, especially slow, flat-bodied species. If you’re planning to keep two or more, the tank should be at least 100 gallons. The species of Siamese Algae Eaters may come in varying colors of grey, gold, silver, and black-white. Some common targets for this behavior are discus and angelfish. These rocks will collect aquarium algae over time. Accompanying the base color is a dark black stripe. If I dose the tank with copper, will this get rid of the parasites? They have a long slender body that can reach up to 6 inches (15.24 cm) in length if fed and cared for properly. They may also be called honey suckers and sucking loaches, both names which reference their mouth.They have a sucker mouth, like many other algae eaters such as the Siamese algae eater.. It is of interest as a local food source and for the aquarium trade. You don’t need a ton of experience to keep this species healthy. They range in appearance from a light tan / yellow color, to a deeper goldish / yellow coloration depending on aquarium conditions, lighting and food sources. These tanks should be at least 20-gallons in size, but they’re best if at least 30-gallons in size and at least 36-inches in length. The Chinese algae eaters (Gyrinocheilus aymonieri) are slim and long freshwater fish.. One unique feature is the dorsal fin. I’ve had my golden algae eater for about a 2 months now and I’ve noticed recently that he’s started to get this black discoloration on his body. The Golden Algae Eater is a yellow/golden coloured fish from the Chinese Algae Eater family (Gyrinocheilos aymonieri). But, that doesn’t mean that your fish are immune to health problems. While they spend time at the bottom of the water column, you don’t need powerful lights to keep them happy. Regardless if you want to maximize the size of your Chinese Algae Eater or not, you should give them plenty of room (more on that later). Small gravel works well, too. We look forward to hearing from you! The Golden Chinese Algae Eater has been a popular aquarium fish for a long time, as they have been kept in tropical community aquariums for some time. Food & Diet Identification [edit | edit source] This fish is golden in colour with a dark band running along its body and a series of dark spots alongside and a light coloured underside. The typical Chinese Algae Eater lifespan is around 10 years. It is usually kept in tanks for the purpose of keeping algae under control. There are a number of color morphs available as well, like the popular gold variety called the Golden Chinese Algae Eater. Your tank size should be of a minimum of 50 gallons. These little marine animals come in handy in cleaning the fish tank as it gets rid of what is not a necessary addition to the fish tank, the algae. Other larger algae eaters like Pleco's can be damaging to live plants due to their size and weight. There are many different types of aquarium catfish out there. Many algae eaters are bottom dwellers and prefer soft substrates like sand and fine gravel to the jagged and injury-causing pea-sized aquarium gravels. Eventually, your fish will want some protein. Many people often buy this fish and house them in small aquaria due to its size when being purchased, however it will grow to a decent size and if housed in groups they take more space than is often considered. You have 3 different types of bottom feeders in a tank, they are all competing for a territory in a tank that I would guess is much too small. Appearance, Size, and Lifespan. Despite their name, these fish are most commonly found outside of China. My golden algae eater seems to go through mood swings. This is a common tactic used for many fish species. The Chinese Algae Eater is a unique fish that you wouldn’t expect to be a popular choice among aquarists. In the home aquarium, the Chinese algae eater generally makes a poor tank mate. It’s very likely that they’ll attack each other. You want to aim for overall clean water, with some controlled algae so these fish can snack throughout the day. In fact, they’re one of the most popular…, Clown Loaches are one of the most popular freshwater fish in the aquarium scene. However, we know a decent number of people who own these fish and absolutely love it. Siamese algae eater lives in fast streams and rivers with rocky bottom, that consists of field stones, gravel and sand with large num… In fact, these fish are quite hardy and can do well in various conditions. Due to their potential for aggressive behavior and limited tank mate options, a lot of aquarists pass. The fish inhabits in mountain streams and lakes that flow over large part of Thailand and some areas of Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam as well as in Borneo. Author Note: While you can see success with 30 gallons, we always recommend getting a slightly bigger tank (aim for 50 gallons). They typically exhibit their best coloration when kept in an aquarium with live plants and driftwood, which enables a variety of different conditions for algae growth. If you’re looking for affordable quantity with the snails you buy, perhaps because you want to liven up your aquarium, or you just have a larger tank with more surface area to cover, this is perhaps the best selection of snails you should be looking at. As long as the other fish stay out of the way, it’s possible to make this work. In it, you’ll learn everything you need to know about the Chinese Algae Eater. Either way, black coloration is present in almost all specimens. This stripe runs horizontally across the entire length of the fish. At least a 55 gallon I hope. The Gold Algae Eater is an ornate color variety of the familiar Chinese Algae Eater. Male Golden Algae Eater. They’re usually a pale grey or gold with a black stripe that spans from the head to the tail. It's best to keep siamese algae eaters either in groups of 5 or more or on its own. Algae based wafers should be provided if there is a lack of algae. However, their penchant for eating algae makes them a great choice for those who want to keep their tank clean. The mouth is used to create a small vacuum against smooth surfaces. While this is a breeding adaptation seen in many fish species, little is known about this species breeding requirements and habits. It is easy for algae to get out of hand in an aquarium. It has an under slung mouth but unlike many cyprinids, it does not have barbels. However, sharp pieces of gravel can injure the fish as they swim. You can also utilize artificial caves to give your fish places to hide. Otocinclus Tank Size Requirements. Nowadays species caught in the wild are not exported, all chinese algae eaters you see on sale were bred in fish hatcheries. If kept in groups, a single specimen will generally become dominant over the others and attain a much larger size then the other Golden Chinese Algae Eaters kept in the same tank. Golden Algae Eater $ 2.00 – $ 28.00. Adding an algae eater doesn’t actually solve the problem of why there is algae in the tank. These fish are particularly sensitive to nitrates, so your filter needs to be efficient enough to keep levels low. Click or tap the images below to view full size images, then click or tap off the image to shrink again. These rivers are on the warmer side and have tons of places for the fish to hide in. Minimum Tank Size: 40 gallons Temperament: Semi-aggressive Aquarium Hardiness: Easy Water Conditions: 74-79°F; pH 6.8-74; dH 8-10 Max. You should consider other food options if you notice that they are not eating algae as much. Scientifically, these fish are known as … This is the first video in a series I plan to do called "Fish I'll Never Buy Again". They have been known to latch onto flat-bodied fish and be a nuisance. Scientifically, these fish are known as Gyrinocheilus aymonieri. Easy to care for, they do best when kept in groups of 3 or more. It’s important to understand why your tank is affected by algae. If enough naturally occurring algae is not present within the aquarium, Golden Chinese Algae Eater's can also be fed sinking algae wafers and pellets. This isn’t just a cosmetic problem and should be taken seriously. But they not-so-mysteriously disappeared. Their unique swimming style combined with their ability to perch on rocks, plants, driftwood, etc. Your type of substrate matters, however. Gold Algae Eater's exhibit a striking goldish / yellow coloration that sets them apart from most other freshwater tropical aquarium fish commonly found within the hobby. The plecostamus or "pleco," is a prehistoric-looking algae eater available in three varieties, for three different tank sizes and and setups. Unfortunately, it can injure the other fish and lead to parasitic infections. Due to their energetic nature, they can cover pretty much space in a short time. Most specimens have a golden or pale brown body. Golden Chinese Algae Eater's are an albino variant of the common Chinese Algae Eater (Gyrinocheilos aymonieri), which have been selectively bred over the years to increase their availability within the hobby and enhance their coloration. They are native to the Chao Phraya basin and can be found living in rivers throughout Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand. If your fish is latched onto the glass, you can even see their mouths moving subtly to create the suction power. If you’re thinking about breeding Chinese Algae Eaters, be prepared for some trial and error. This means you can safely house 4 to 6 Otos, and more can be added as the tank size increases. The Chinese algae eater, frequently referred to as "CAE" on the forum, is commonly offered for sale in local pet shops but is probably not the best choice for most tanks. They like a lot of light. 10 Malaysian Trumpet Snails Algae Eaters. Fish Facts. The first rule to follow is to avoid overcrowding the tank. Description: Golden Algae Eaters tend to have an slender body and a disc-shaped mouth, which enables them to … This fish can grow up to 25.4-27.9cm (10-11") long, and its eventual size needs to be taken into account when choosing a tank. The average Chinese Algae Eater size can get around 10 or 11 inches in length when fully grown. They are thought to be originally found in Northern India but are more commonly farm raised in Thailand. Some color mutations do exist, but they are rare. The fish dwells in fast flowing streams and river tributaries with rocky bottom that contains field stones, pebbles, gravel and sand. The state the fish was in when you purchased them matters a lot too. When you consider the fact that they constantly eat algae in your tank, there’s not much you have to do to keep the fish entertained! For the most part, they’ll just spend their time alone at the bottom of the tank. The Chinese Algae Eater is a freshwater fish that comes with a mixed reputation. This provides the Golden Chinese Algae Eater (Gyrinocheilos aymonieri) with a variety of food sources which when combined with vegetable based sinking wafers provide a diverse and healthy diet that will bring out the fish's best colors. When they are young, these fish have no problem feeding off algae. When they’re young, a 30-gallon tank will do, but some people are surprised to learn that a single Chinese algae eater needs at least a 50-gallon tank when full-grown, even at five inches. Despite their name, these fish are most commonly found outside of China. Those that have successfully bred these fish often do so by accident. The minimum Otocinclus tank size should be around 10 gallons. They have a small dorsal fin with several firm rays, giving it a somewhat spiky appearance. Chinese Algae Eaters tend to attack fish that are close in color and size. Bloat from overfeeding can lead to serious digestive problems if it isn’t addressed. With their powerful sucker mouth, Chinese Algae Eaters are notorious escape artists. So how big should your tank size be for a Chinese Algae Eater? Standard fixtures are more than enough to give them the light they need. They are native to the Chao Phraya basin and can be found living in rivers throughout Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand. In their natural habitat, they’ll often feed on insect larvae. It is important to provide extra space in case the fish grows longer than expected. Here are some possible tank mates for Chinese Algae Eater: Author Note: Some owners think it would be interesting to pair them with other algae-eaters like the Amano shrimp for the sake of complete tank cleanliness. Im reading up on these guys as my hubby has 2 in his community tank and we are starting to see some scale damage on one of our barbs so presuming the algae eater is getting at it when it sleeps. Published June 18, 2019 Author: Mike - FishLore Admin Social Media:. You should also be careful about larger gentle fish. They are a suckermouth catfish that predominantly live off of algae & algae wafers. This will help you treat the cause as well as the symptom. If you’re looking for something a little bit more special to add to your aquarium tank, the Golden Mystery Snail in a vibrant and effective option that you’re going to love. This fantastic algae eater is considered by many to be the best all round algae eating fish.. They can show signs of aggression to other fish, so be careful when picking their tank mates (more on that in the next section). 637.2 KB Views: 81. image.jpg. Golden Chinese Algae Eater's are herbivores that primarily eat algae growing on rocks, plants, driftwood and aquarium glass. Ideal tank mates include: South American Cichlids of similar size, Rainbowfish, Larger Barbs, Danios, Gouramis, Mollies, Swordtails, Plecos and Scavenger Catfish. Now that you know all about the Chinese Algae Eater it’s time to decide if they’re a good fit for you. But, they go by many names in the aquarist community. Golden algae eater with guppies? They’re not particularly showy or active and prefer to hide instead. Chinese Algae Eaters are also prone to bloat. Origin: India and Thailand: Tank setup: Larger community tank with bogwood and rocks for hiding places. Sometimes, you can reinvigorate their interest in algae with wafers. They’re not particularly colorful and tend to be solitary creatures. Perhaps the most noteworthy physical feature of the Chinese Algae Eater is their mouth. At the top of the tank, make sure that you have a tight-fitting lid. Chinese Algae Eaters spend most of their time being bottom-feeders and scavenging for food in the lower part of their habitat. How to successfully keep Golden Chinese Algae Eater in the home aquarium. Alison has been interested in fish and aquariums for over five years. You can cover the bottom with a fine sand substrate. You can keep adding more fish to your group, each addition fish needs a couple of gallons. In fact, they do this to eat the slime coat of the other fish. They have a relatively muted color and pattern. How Siamese Algae eaters look and size. Sometimes they’ve mistaken for the Siamese Algae Eater, but you can tell the difference when you pay attention to the details. They are excellent for planted aquariums as they can eat algae growing on live plants without damaging the plant itself. There are no established breeding methods. Thailand and Malayan peninsula are SАЕ habitats. Despite the fish name, it doesn’t inhabit in China. When she's not writing about fish you can find her hiking, swimming, and doing yoga. Because there’s so much confusion out there, we thought it would be a good idea to create this guide to help set the record straight. Plus, some issues could make these fish challenging for some aquarists. The Chinese Algae Eater belongs to the family Cyprinidae, which is commonly known as the Carp family. Chinese Algae Eater Care Guide: Size, Tank Mates and More… September 30, 2019 Robert Freshwater Fish 0. Chinese Algae Eater care is something that anyone can handle. Gyrinocheilus aymonieri is a freshwater fish native to large parts of Southeast Asia. The interesting thing about Chinese Algae Eaters is that their diets tend to change as they get older. As they are bottom dwellers thus focusing on the increasing the width of the tank. Whatever you call them, these fish can be a bit of a challenge to care for. When picking Chinese Algae Eater Tank Mates you need to exercise a little bit of caution. Author Note: A lot of aquarists forget about water flow. Aglae Eaters are excellent glass cleaners when young. Chinese Algae Eater. As always, many factors can contribute to their overall lifespan. Range: Asia. These fish can get pretty big, and a larger tank will help them reach their full potential while ensuring there’s plenty of algae to feed on. This behavior isn’t them being aggressive (or weird). Now, it belongs to Crossocheilus genus, but the fish itself is important, not its name. With each additional fish increase the tank space by 10 gallons. These fish need plenty of space to keep aggressive behaviors at bay. the minimum tank size that is recommended for Chinese algae eaters is a 30 gallon but the tank housing this fish should be larger. They can be semi-aggressive towards others of their own kind, but tend to leave other fish alone. Here are some care guidelines you should be wary of. The Chinese algae eater, frequently referred to as "CAE" on the forum, is commonly offered for sale in local pet shops but is probably not the best choice for most tanks. As we mentioned earlier, Chinese Algae Eaters don’t have the vibrant looks of other fish. A gear band runs horizontally and is either stiff or split into spots. Golden Mystery Snail Algae Eaters for Aquariums. Click here . Darwin algae-eater shrimps in addition to fishes and shrimps are gaining popularity as it adds balance to the ecosystem in the aquascape. One of the most frustrating things to manage in an aquarium is algae growth. The Hillstream loach is a fun algae eater to have as a part of your goldfish tank. Most algae eaters prefer densely planted tanks although some species do well in tanks without live plants. Hello Everyone,We wanted to talk a little about the Chinese algae eater. Direct the outlet towards the side of the tank to keep the water circulating at all times. Also, don’t make the mistake of thinking that you can pair these fish up. The bottom of bigger tanks should have a larger surface area, rather than the tank being tall. There aren’t any species-specific illnesses that you have to worry about with Chinese Algae Eaters. They can experience common conditions that affect all freshwater fish, such as Ich. That’s why many aquarists prefer to add a Chinese algae eater to their tank, hoping it will help keep algae growth under control. It can be a good fish in the right set-up. They hold on to fixed objects using a sucker-like mouth, and, despite the name, feed on a wide range of detritus, rather than simply on algae. Some home aquarists have been able to get theirs to surpass this size, but those instances are uncommon. This can make it much harder to clean the tank, so some people look for algae-eating fish to clean it for them. Again, maintaining those parameters from earlier is crucial. In these waters the fish stay stationary in their habitat by latching onto smooth rocks.You can recreate a powerful water flow with a good pump. The Gold Algae Eater comes from Northern India. Casual hobbyists might do better owning a species with a shorter lifespan. And, they usually get a bit bigger than most of the freshwater tropical fish species that you can keep in tanks. Besides these little fluffy finned beauties being super active and fun to look at, these little guys do a pretty good job of scrubbing the walls, broad leafy plants and decor of your tank. Place large rocks in the sand. The rivers that these Chinese Algae Eaters occupy are quite fast. Tank Requirements. As for filtration, high-powered equipment is essential. Aquariums housing Golden Chinese Algae Eater's should have plenty of rocks, driftwood and plants for the fish to graze on for algae.